Sabtu, 24 September 2011

ekonomi koperasi


Sejarah koperasi di Indonesia
Sejarah singkat gerakan koperasi bermula pada abad ke-20 yang pada umumnya merupakan hasil dari usaha yang tidak spontan dan tidak dilakukan oleh orang-orang yang sangat kaya. Koperasi tumbuh dari kalangan rakyat, ketika penderitaan dalam lapangan ekonomi dan sosial yang ditimbulkan oleh sistem kapitalisme semakin memuncak. Beberapa orang yang penghidupannya sederhana dengan kemampuan ekonomi terbatas, terdorong oleh penderitaan dan beban ekonomi yang sama, secara spontan mempersatukan diri untuk menolong dirinya sendiri dan manusia sesamanya.
Pada tahun 1896 seorang Pamong Praja Patih R.Aria Wiria Atmaja di Purwokerto mendirikan sebuah Bank untuk para pegawai negeri (priyayi). Ia terdorong oleh keinginannya untuk menolong para pegawai yang makin menderita karena terjerat oleh lintah darat yang memberikan pinjaman dengan bunga yang tinggi. Maksud Patih tersebut untuk mendirikan koperasi kredit model seperti di Jerman. Cita-cita semangat tersebut selanjutnya diteruskan oleh De Wolffvan Westerrode, seorang asisten residen Belanda. De Wolffvan Westerrode sewaktu cuti berhasil mengunjungi Jerman dan menganjurkan akan mengubah Bank Pertolongan Tabungan yang sudah ada menjadi Bank Pertolongan, Tabungan dan Pertanian. Selain pegawai negeri juga para petani perlu dibantu karena mereka makin menderita karena tekanan para pengijon. Ia juga menganjurkan mengubah Bank tersebut menjadi koperasi. Di samping itu ia pun mendirikan lumbung-lumbung desa yang menganjurkan para petani menyimpan pada pada musim panen dan memberikan pertolongan pinjaman padi pada musim paceklik. Ia pun berusaha menjadikan lumbung-lumbung itu menjadi Koperasi Kredit Padi. Tetapi Pemerintah Belanda pada waktu itu berpendirian lain. Bank Pertolongan, Tabungan dan Pertanian dan Lumbung Desa tidak dijadikan Koperasi tetapi Pemerintah Belanda membentuk lumbung-lumbung desa baru, bank –bank Desa , rumah gadai dan Centrale Kas yang kemudian menjadi Bank Rakyak Indonesia (BRI). Semua itu adalah badan usaha Pemerntah dan dipimpin oleh orang-orang Pemerintah.
Pada zaman Belanda pembentuk koperasi belum dapat terlaksana karena:
1. Belum ada instansi pemerintah ataupun badan non pemerintah yang memberikan penerangan dan penyuluhan tentang koperasi.
2. Belum ada Undang-Undang yang mengatur kehidupan koperasi.
3. Pemerintah jajahan sendiri masih ragu-ragu menganjurkan koperasi karena pertimbangan politik, khawatir koperasi itu akan digunakan oleh kaum politik untuk tujuan yang membahayakan pemerintah jajahan itu.
Pada tahun 1908, Budi Utomo yang didirikan oleh Dr. Sutomo memberikan peranan bagi gerakan koperasi untuk memperbaiki kehidupan rakyat.
 Pada tahun 1915 dibuat peraturan Verordening op de Cooperatieve Vereeniging, dan pada tahun 1927 Regeling Inlandschhe Cooperatieve.
Pada tahun 1927 dibentuk Serikat Dagang Islam, yang bertujuan untuk memperjuangkan kedudukan ekonomi pengusah-pengusaha pribumi.
 Kemudian pada tahun 1929, berdiri Partai Nasional Indonesia yang memperjuangkan penyebarluasan semangat koperasi.
Namun, pada tahun 1933 keluar UU yang mirip UU no. 431 sehingga mematikan usaha koperasi untuk yang kedua kalinya. Pada tahun 1942 Jepang menduduki Indonesia. Jepang lalu mendirikan koperasi kumiyai. Awalnya koperasi ini berjalan mulus. Namun fungsinya berubah drastis dan menjadi alat Jepang untuk mengeruk keuntungan, dan menyengsarakan rakyat Indonesia.
Setelah Indonesia merdeka, pada tanggal 12 Juli 1947, pergerakan koperasi di Indonesia mengadakan Kongres Koperasi yang pertama di Tasikmalaya. Hari ini kemudian ditetapkan sebagai Hari Koperasi Indonesia.
Fungsi dan peran koperasi Indonesia
Menurut Undang-undang No. 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 4 dijelaskan bahwa koperasi memiliki fungsi dan peranan antara lain yaitu mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota dan masyarakat, berupaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia, memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat, mengembangkan perekonomian nasional, serta mengembangkan kreativitas dan jiwa berorganisasi bagi pelajar bangsa.

Pengertian koperasi 

Koperasi adalah organisasi bisnis yang dimiliki dan dioperasikan oleh orang-seorang demi kepentingan bersama. Koperasi melandaskan kegiatan berdasarkan prinsip gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan.
Koperasi merupakan singkatan dari kata Co dan Operation. Koperasi adalah suatu kumpulan orang – orang untuk bekerja sama demi kesejahteraan bersama. Berdasarkan undang – undang nomor 12 tahun 1967, Koperasi Indonesia adalah organisasi ekonomi rakyat yang berwatak social dan beranggotakan orang – orang, badan - badan hukum koperasi yang merupakan tata susunan ekonomi sebagai usaha bersama berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.

Prinsip koperasi
Prinsip koperasi adalah suatu sistem ide-ide abstrak yang merupakan petunjuk untuk membangun koperasi yang efektif dan tahan lama. Prinsip koperasi terbaru yang dikembangkan International Cooperative Alliance (Federasi koperasi non-pemerintah internasional) adalah keanggotaan yang bersifat terbuka dan sukarela, pengelolaan yang demokratis, partisipasi anggota dalam [ekonomi], kebebasan dan otonomi, serta pengembangan pendidikanpelatihan, dan informasi

TUJUAN KOPERASI
          Tujuan utama koperasi adalah mewujudkan masyarakat adil makmur material dan spiritual berdasarkan Pancasila dan Undang – Undang Dasar 1945.
          Dalam BAB II Pasal 3 Undang – undang RI No. 25 Tahun 1992, menyatakan bahwa koperasi bertujuan untuk:
“Memajukan kesejahteraan anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya serta ikut membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju, adil dan makmur berlandaskan Pancasila dan Undang – undang Dasar 1945”.
          Menurut Bang Hatta, tujuan koperasi bukanlah mencari laba yang sebesar-besarnya, melainkan melayani kebutuhan bersama dan wadah partisipasi pelaku ekonomi skala kecil.
          Selanjutnya fungsi koperasi tertuang dalam pasal 4 UU No. 25 Tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian, yaitu:
Membangun dan mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosialnya.
Berperan serta aktif dalam upaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat.
Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional dengan koperasi sebagai gurunya.
Berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama berdasar atas azas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi.

Fungsi dan peran koperasi Indonesia
Menurut Undang-undang No. 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 4 dijelaskan bahwa koperasi memiliki fungsi dan peranan antara lain yaitu mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota dan masyarakat, berupaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia, memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat, mengembangkan perekonomian nasional, serta mengembangkan kreativitas dan jiwa berorganisasi bagi pelajar bangsa.

Sabtu, 04 Juni 2011

ARTIKEL YG MENGANDUNG PRESENT PERFECT

ARTIKEL YG MENGANDUNG PRESENT PERFECT

Once upon a time, there was a girl called Cinderella. Cinderella is lived happily with her mother and father until her mother died. Feel that Cinderella needs a mother figure in his life, Cinderella’s father remarries to a woman who has two daughters of her own.
Unfortunately, Cinderella's father dies and she lived only with her stepmother and stepsisters. They were very bossy, she had to do all the housework.
One day on invitation to the hall come to the family. The King invited for all the eligible ladies in the kingdom so as to find Prince a wife. Her stepsisters would no let her go. Cinderella was sad. The stepsisters went to the hall without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and helped her to get to the hall with the wave of magic wand, helped prepared Cinderella for the hall. The fairy does warn her that is magic will end at a stroke of midnight, so she must leaved the hall before than.
At the hall all people surprised when Cinderella arrived. And then the Prince invited Cinderella to danced. He fell in love with her.
All of a sudden, the clock star to chime that is a midnight. Cinderella hastily runs away, dropped a glass slipper as she does so. Cinderella escapes, with nothing from the night left, except from the other glass slipper, which had not changed back.
Prince Charming orders his love to be found by means of the odd shoe, and the Grand Duke is sent around the land getting every girl in the land to try on the glass slipper to see if it fits.
Eventually the Grand Duke reaches the residence of Cinderella, but she is nowhere to be seen. The stepsisters frantically try to get the glass slipper to fit so as to wed into royalty, but compatible nothing that. The Grand Duke is about to leave as Cinderella finally appears. He orders the messenger to brought forth the glass slipper, yet the stepmother in a last minute attempt to prevent her stepdaughter from better things, causes the messenger to trip, thus broken the fragile shoe into pieces. Yet the arrogant woman hadn't betted on Cinderella produced the other glass slipper, which fits onto Cinderella's foot perfectly.
Very soon, wedding bells ring, and Cinderella married her prince, and they live happily ever after.

Rabu, 18 Mei 2011

b.inggris PRESENT PERFECT

Lesson Topic: Using The Present Perfect.

There are times when you are talking about an event in the past, but
you don't know when it happened,
you don't care when it happened, or
the time when it happened is a secret.
When talking about past events AND the time is unimportant, unknown, or a secret, the present perfect is a good tense to use. What is the present perfect? Here is an example:
I have visited 56 countries.
How is this grammar formed? It is formed with the following words:
I
have
visited
56 countries.
subject + have or has + past participle

The past participle and the simple past are sometimes the same. Sometimes they are different. For the word visited, the simple past and the past participle are the same. If the simple past and past participle are different, they are usually irregular verb
The present perfect can give a starting time or an amount of time only if you use the words since and for. When using these words, the sentence usually means that the action is continuing. If you do not use since or for, the sentence means the action is finished, and it may or may not continue in the future. Take a look at these examples:
I have smoked. I have smoked for 12 years.
NOT SURE it continues SURE it continues
Meaning: The person smoked in the past (we don't know when), and he/she may still smoke, but we do not know. Meaning: The person started to smoke 12 years ago, and he/she still smokes.
Therefore, when the present perfect sentence does not have since or for, we do not know if it is still continuing.
So, the present perfect is used for one of the following two reasons:
1. When the time is unimportant, unknown, or a secret.
OR
2. If the time is known and the action is continuing (for or since are used in this situation).
Some verbs are NOT used with for or since because they do not have any length of time. The following is a list of some verbs that can be used in the present perfect when the time is unimportant, unknown, or a secret. These words very rarely use for or since because they do not have a length of time. In other words, the following actions occur, but then almost immediately do not continue; they do not have a length of time. Therefore, they do not use for or since.
start arrive begin meet end leave stop
Here is an example of what we mean:
CORRECT
We have begun the test.
INCORRECT We have begun the test since yesterday.
The first sentence is correct because it does not use since or for. Begin (begun) does not have a length of time. After a few seconds, it is over; you cannot continuously begin the same test.
Some of you may know the present perfect progressive. If you do, then you may want to know what the difference is. For example,
present perfect I have worked here since 1977
OR
present perfect progressive I have been working here since 1977.
Actually, there is little or no difference between these two sentences. You may want to know when to use the present perfect and when to use the present perfect progressive. We will continue this topic in our next lesson, but for now, remember this: the present perfect progressive almost always means it started in the past and is continuing; the present perfect means the action is continuing only if it uses since or for (otherwise, we are unsure if it is continuing). For example,
I have lived in Iran. Not sure if this person still lives in Iran; the time is also unknown.
I have lived in Iran since 1997. We are sure this person still lives in Iran; we also know the time.
I have been living in Iran since 1997. We are sure this person still lives in Iran; we also know the time.
The second and third sentences above have identical meanings. The first and second sentences have (potentially) different meanings even though they look almost the same.

Selasa, 10 Mei 2011

b.inggris puisi

If You Need 


If ever you need me,
I'll be right here,
To chase away the sadness,
And wipe away a tear.

If ever you need me,
I'll be two steps behind,
To follow in your footsteps,
And hear what's on your mind.

If ever you need me,
You'll never have to fear,
That your presence isn't important,
And your love isn't dear.

If ever you need me,
I'll always be around,
To bring back the laughter,
Where deep in your heart it's found.

You'll never have to worry,
For I'll always be here,
To chase away the sadness,
And wipe away a tear.

I am here for you!

Selasa, 03 Mei 2011

b.inggris "DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH"

Direct and Indirect Speech

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.
Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
simple present
He said, “I go to school every day.”
Þ simple past
He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past
He said, “I went to school every day.”
Þ past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.”
Þ past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive
He said, “I am going to school every day.”
Þ past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive
He said, “I was going to school every day.”
Þ perfect progressive
He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will)
He said, “I will go to school every day.”
Þ would + verb name
He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to)
He said, “I am going to school every day.”
Þ present progressive
He said (that) he is going to school every day.

past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name
He said, “Do you go to school every day?”
He said, “Where do you go to school?”
Þ simple past
He asked me if I went to school every day.*
He asked me where I went to school.
imperative
He said, “Go to school every day.”
Þ infinitive
He said to go to school every day.
*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions.

b.inggris "5 SENTANCE FROM DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH"

Present simple
She said, "It's cold."
Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online."
Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday."
Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.